Patient Resources

Dysfunction of the respiratory diaphragm can contribute to cardiac arrhythmias through several mechanisms:1. Mechanical and Anatomical Interactions- The diaphragm and heart are in close proximity, and abnormal diaphragmatic movement (e.g., paralysis, spasm, or excessive excursion) can mechanically affect cardiac function.-Phrenic nerve dysfunction (which controls the diaphragm) may also influence the pericardium and atria, potentially triggering arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation or…

The heart undergoes rotational movements during the respiratory cycle, primarily driven by diaphragmatic motion and intrathoracic pressure changes. During inspiration, the diaphragm descends, increasing thoracic volume and creating negative intrathoracic pressure. This causes the heart to rotate counterclockwise (when viewed from the apex) and shift downward. During expiration, the diaphragm ascends, reducing thoracic volume and increasing intrathoracic pressure, leading to…

Prestress in Biological Systems: Function, Maintenance, Deterioration, and Survival Prestress in biological systems refers to the pre-existing internal mechanical tension or compression within cells and tissues, primarily generated by the cytoskeleton and its interactions with the extracellular matrix. This concept is central to understanding how living organisms maintain structure, function, and adaptability. Function of Prestress Structural Integrity and Stiffness: Prestress,…

The Effect of Tension-Stress on the Genesis and Growth of Tissue For a successful orthopaedic medicine physician, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of connective tissue healing. While I will not cover all aspects of regenerative medicine, I would like to share a few thoughts with my colleagues. Prolotherapy involves controlled injury of the enthesis. During injections, the extravasation…

Inflamed tissue can become antigenic under certain circumstances. During inflammation, tissue damage and immune responses can lead to the release of self-antigens (molecules derived from the body’s own tissues) or modified self-antigens that may be recognized by the immune system. This process can occur in the following ways: 1. Release of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): • Inflammation caused by injury…

When an intramuscular injection of a circulating antigen, taken from venous blood, is administered, the immune response involves both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here’s how each system responds: Innate Immune Response   1.    Local Inflammation: The injection site experiences an immediate local inflammatory response. This involves the recruitment of innate immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells…