Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Prolotherapy is a controlled injury to the connective tissues of joints and their capsules, tendons, ligaments and cartilages. Injury triggers the activation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within treated areas. When an injury occurs, it creates a localized microenvironment rich in cytokines and growth factors that attract and activate various stem cells, including MSCs. This activation is part of a complex response to tissue damage, with MSCs playing a crucial role in modulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair.

MSCs have the ability to sense and respond to signals emitted by injured tissues. For instance, they can be activated by mitochondria released from damaged cells, which serve as danger signals. This interaction prompts MSCs to enhance their cytoprotective functions, including anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, MSCs can modulate immune responses by influencing macrophage polarization, which is essential for controlling inflammation and fostering tissue regeneration after injuries, such as spinal cord damage.

In summary, injury activates mesenchymal stem cells, which contribute to tissue repair and regeneration through various mechanisms, including immune modulation and direct interactions with damaged cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) support the regeneration of connective tissue through several mechanisms:

1. Paracrine Signaling: MSCs secrete a range of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones that impact their surrounding environment. These secreted factors promote cell survival, reduce inflammation, and stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of resident cells in the damaged tissue.

2. Immunomodulation: MSCs have immunomodulatory properties that help create a regenerative microenvironment. They can suppress immune responses, thereby reducing inflammation and enhancing tissue repair and regeneration.

3. Angiogenesis Promotion: MSCs facilitate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) by releasing factors that stimulate endothelial cells. This process is vital for supplying nutrients and oxygen to regenerating tissues.

4. Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: MSCs assist in remodeling the extracellular matrix by regulating collagen synthesis and deposition, which helps restore the structural integrity of connective tissues.

5. Direct Differentiation: Although not their primary function, MSCs can differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes, thereby contributing directly to tissue regeneration when necessary.

These combined actions establish MSCs as a powerful resource in regenerative medicine for repairing and regenerating connective tissues.